: Applying necessary margins for unexpected load peaks. Key Applications
: Accounting for the inaccuracy of tightening tools (e.g., torque wrench vs. angle-controlled). R2: Minimum Clamp Force
A major addition is the explicit cross-reference to the guideline for fatigue strength. This allows engineers to use $J_AB$ (surface finish factor) and $K_AK$ (notch factor) directly from FKM instead of VDI's simplified tables.