This siloed approach led to a routine acceptance of fear and aggression as normal parts of a vet visit. "He's just nervous," an owner would say, as a cat panted and yowled in a carrier. "She's mean," another would apologize, as a dog snapped at a technician attempting to draw blood. The veterinary team’s response was often physical restraint—muzzles, towels, "scruffing" (grabbing the loose skin at the back of a cat's neck)—or chemical sedation.
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