: Detailed sections on autecology and population structure.
| Part | Chapter(s) | Core Themes | |------|------------|-------------| | | 1‑4 | Ecosystem concepts, energy flow, biogeochemical cycles, and the hierarchy of life (organisms → populations → communities → ecosystems). | | Part II – Biodiversity & Classification | 5‑8 | Taxonomy, species concepts, genetic diversity, hotspots, and conservation status. | | Part III – Population Ecology | 9‑12 | Population dynamics, growth models, age structure, and factors limiting populations. | | Part IV – Community Ecology | 13‑16 | Inter‑specific interactions (predation, competition, symbiosis), succession, and niche theory. | | Part V – Ecosystem Processes | 17‑20 | Primary productivity, nutrient cycling, soil ecology, and ecosystem services. | | Part VI – Environmental Issues | 21‑24 | Climate change, air & water pollution, waste management, and sustainable development. | | Part VII – Applied Ecology | 25‑27 | Biodiversity conservation, wildlife management, and restoration ecology. | | Appendices & Index | – | Glossary, formulae, and a comprehensive index for quick reference. | ecology and environment pd sharma 13th edition pdf work